*R1b:  Haplogroup R1b is the most common haplogroup in European populations. It is believed to have expanded throughout Europe as humans re-colonized after the last glacial maximum 10-12 thousand years ago. This lineage is also the haplogroup containing the Atlantic modal haplotype.

*G:  This lineage may have originated in India or Pakistan, and has dispersed into central Asia, Europe, and the Middle East. The G2 branch of this lineage (containing the P15 mutation) is found most often in the Europe and the Middle East.

*I:  The I, I1, and I1a lineages are nearly completely restricted to northwestern Europe. These would most likely have been common within Viking populations. One lineage of this group extends down into central Europe.

Analysis: All three participants are documented to be descendants of Amos and Nancy Tarbutton Bozeman so we would expect to see a 12 out of 12 (12/12) match of the Y-DNA DYS Markers.  In fact, two individuals have a 12/12 match with each other and the third individual has a 11/12 match with them.

Recommendation:  We have tested three descendants of Amos and Nancy Tarbutton Bozeman, each one descended from a different son.  Normally, we would expect that the DNA haplotype of Amos would be the same as the DNA haplotype of the two descendants that have a 12/12 match.  However, based on the test results of other descendants of James Bozeman of Edgecombe County, NC, I believe that the DNA results of Kit # 9423 most likely represent the DNA of Amos.  In other words, I believe that two of the three had a mutation at marker #439.  It should be noted that marker #439 is known to be more likely to mutate than most of the other markers.  If we test a fourth descendant of Amos, we can increase the confidence level for the DNA haplotype of Amos.  But, I don't see that as being necessary at this time.  Based on the test results, I think that it is clear that Amos could be a descendant of James.  If not a descendant, then a cousin since they most certainly had a common ancestor.

Analysis: All four participants are documented to be descendants of Samuel and Ann Richardson Bozeman so we would expect them to all be in the same haplogroup and we would expect to see a 12 out of 12 (12/12) match of Y-DNA DYS Markers.  In fact, three have the same haplogroup and have an exact 12/12 match.  But, there is a problem with the fourth individual.  The haplogroup is probably different and only 3/12 markers matched the other three individuals!  Based on these test results, the three individuals who have a 12/12 match most likely have a common ancestor.  But, the fourth individual is not descended from Samuel Bozeman!

How is this possible?  Here are a few of the possible explanations:
1) DNA test lab - Perhaps the lab mixed up the samples or the results.
2) Genealogy - Perhaps the researcher has incorrectly identified an ancestor.
3) Adoption - An ancestor may have been adopted.
4) Infidelity - Not unheard of.

Recommendation:  One of our goals is to determine the 12-marker Haplotype for Samuel Bozeman.  Because three participants match 12/12 and they are each descended from a different son of Samuel, it is reasonable to assume that they are descended from Samuel and their 12-marker haplotype is the haplotype of Samuel.  The next step will be to determine why the 12-marker haplotype of the descendant of Luke-->David J. is not the same as the other three.  I will try to line up a participant who is a descendant of David J. but who is descended from a different son.  The results will tell us if David J. is the biological son of Luke.

Analysis:  This test result was definitely a surprise!  Firstly, it shows that Edward Bozman and Amos Bozeman very likely had a common ancestor.  But, secondly, it opens the door for Samuel, Amos, and Edward to all possibly have the same common ancestor.  If we presume that the common ancestor had the DNA of Edward, then the DNA of Amos is only one mutation different and the DNA of Samuel is only two mutations different.  As we test more descendants of Samuel and Amos, we may find that their DNA is even closer.

Recommendation:  Obviously, we need to test at least one additional descendant of Edward, preferably a descendant of a son other than Wilkes.  But, we also need to test additional descendants of Samuel and of Amos.  It is very important that we try to definitively establish the DNA of each of these  three men.  Then we can make some ascertains regarding a common ancestor.

Analysis:  These two individuals do not have a common ancestor.  One of them is definitely not a "genetic" descendant of Mordicai.  Individual 10260 has not proven his line all the way back to Mordicai.  So it is possible that he is a descendant of one of the other Bozeman lines and, in fact, his haplotype is similar to several other Bozeman test participants.  However, the other descendant of Mordicai who has been tested has a likely haplogroup of "G" indicating that he is not related to any of the other individuals tested since he is the only participant who falls in group "G".  So, depending on which of the two results you choose to accept, Mordicai is either not related to any other Bozeman's tested so far, or, if the line of individual 10260 can be proven, then Mordicai is related to many of the other Bozeman's who have been tested.

How is this possible?  Here are a few of the possible explanations:
1) DNA test lab - Perhaps the lab mixed up the samples or the results.
2) Genealogy - Perhaps the researcher has incorrectly identified an ancestor.  Very little is known about Mordicai.  As far as I know, there is no "proof" that he is the father of the children of Elizabeth Bozeman of Edgecombe County, NC.  In fact, court records refer to her children as "base begotten".  So, perhaps, the father of her children was not Mordicai Bozeman.  Perhaps some of her children were from a different partner before/after her marriage to Mordicai.
3) Adoption - An ancestor may have been adopted.
4) Infidelity - Not unheard of.

Recommendation:  One of our goals is to determine the 12-marker Haplotype for Mordicai Bozeman.  We need to test at least one more descendant of Mordicai.  If we only test one more descendant, he should ideally be a descendant of a son other than John.  By testing a descendant of a second son, a 12/12 match would confirm the DNA haplotype for the father (Mordicai?) and would tell us which of the two test results don't fit.

Analysis:  There is not too much to analyze when there is only one test result.  Especially, when the result is not a close match with any of the other test participants.  However, the results to seem to indicate that William may have had a common ancestor with 9393, 9412, and 9423 somewhere in the distant past.  William is in the same haplogroup (R1b) as these three men.  Even though their results indicate three or four mutations between them, as we get more test results, we may find that the mutations are recent and that there is a common ancestor within a genealogical time frame.

Recommendation:  One of our goals is to determine the 12-marker Haplotype for William Bozeman.  We need to test at least one more descendant of William.  If we only test one more descendant, he should ideally be a descendant of a son other than Nathan.  By testing a descendant of a second son, a 12/12 match would confirm the DNA haplotype for William.